- Delays by government support services; for example, in the supply of farm inputs and infrastructure;
- Inadequate credit and financial support and virtual absence of agricultural extension agents as impeding the development of their activities;
- Constrains to participate in the modern economy; that is, most of the smallholder farmers have limited access to credit and insurance, and to markets in which to sell their produce. Also, agricultural markets are more often not working for the smallholder producers;
- Agriculture a contributor to climate change and variability and itself being the most affected by the effect of climate change and variability;
- Agriculture not delivering positive nutrition outcomes;
- Women and young people not maximally participating and benefiting from agriculture food system value chains;
- Lack of access to information; in part, due to limited use of Information and communications technology (ICT); and
- Unconducive policy environment in some areas and uncoordinated support services.